"al-Muwahhidun"@en . . "Almohades"@en . . "Refers to the art and culture associated with the Islamic Berber dynasty that ruled in North Africa and southern Spain (1130-1269). This period is notable because it was the first time the whole Maghrib was united under one dynasty. The Almohads rose up against the Almoravids in 1121 and conquered Marrakesh in 1147. The dynasty declined in power when it was defeated by Alfonso VIII in 1212, losing Andalusia, and in 1269 when they lost Marrakesh to the Berber Marinids. The Almohad courts at Marrakesh and Seville were centers of Islamic art and learning, especially philosophy. Almohad architecture is known for its juxtaposition of puritanically simple design with ornate decoration. Enormous congregational mosques were built in Seville, Rabat and Marrakesh. Simple interiors are relieved by voluptuous, lobed arches and other details. Repetitive use of an architectural unit such as an arcade or bay to create directed vistas and a deep sense of space is another typical feature. Austere exteriors strongly contrast with the richly decorated, gigantic square minarets (late 12th century) of the three mosques. These minarets are elaborately fenestrated and each face has different latticed designs done in raised stonework. The mosque of Tinmal, with its characteristically Maghribi T-shape, is considered to be an Almohad masterpiece. The location of the minaret behind the mihrab is an important innovation at Tinmal. Almohad mosques tend to be enlarged at the expense of their courtyards. Other arts such as bookmaking, metalwork, and luxury textiles flourished as well. Several copies of the Koran reveal that paper began to replace parchment during this period. A binding on a magnificent multi-volume Koran (1256) is the earliest dated example of gold tooling. Textiles, like bookbindings, show a taste for geometric patterns."@en . . "2012-07-20T16:17:52"^^ . "a erh mo ha te ssu"@zh-latn-wadegile . "\u0101 \u011Br m\u00F2 h\u0101 d\u00E9 s\u012B"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u963F\u723E\u6469\u54C8\u5FB7"@zh-hant . "Verwijst naar de kunst en cultuur die zijn verbonden met de islamitische Berberdynastie die regeerde in Noord-Afrika en zuidelijk Spanje (1130-1269). Deze periode is opmerkelijk omdat het voor het eerst was dat de hele Maghrib was verenigd onder \u00E9\u00E9n dynastie. De Almohads stonden op tegen de Almoravids in 1121 en veroverden Marrakesh in 1147. De dynastie verloor macht toen ze werd verslagen door Alfonso VIII in 1212, waarbij Andalusi\u00EB verloren ging, en in 1269, toen men Marrakesh kwijtraakte aan de Berberse Marinids. De Almohad-hoven in Marrakesh en Sevilla waren centra van islamitische kunst en islamitisch onderwijs, vooral op het gebied van filosofie. Almohad-architectuur staat bekend om de combinatie van puriteins, eenvoudig ontwerp en overvloedige decoratie. Er werden enorme congregationalistische moskee\u00EBn gebouwd in Sevilla, Rabat en Marrakesh. Eenvoudige interieurs worden verlucht door middel van weelderige, gelobde bogen en andere details. Herhaald gebruik van een architecturale eenheid zoals een arcade of nis om gerichte doorkijkjes en een diep gevoel van ruimte te cre\u00EBren, is een andere kenmerkende eigenschap. Sobere exterieurs contrasteren sterk met de rijk ge\u00EFllustreerde, gigantische vierkante minaretten (laat 12de eeuw) van de drie moskee\u00EBn. Deze minaretten zijn rijkelijk voorzien van venstervormige openingen en elke zijde heeft verschillende rasterontwerpen die zijn uitgevoerd in verhoogd metselwerk. De moskee van Tinmal, met zijn karakteristieke Maghribi T-vorm, wordt beschouwd als een Almohad-meesterwerk. De locatie van de minaret achter de mihrab is een belangrijke vernieuwing van Tinmal. Almohad-moskee\u00EBn zijn gewoonlijk vergroot ten koste van hun binnenhoven. Andere kunsten zoals het maken van boeken, metaalwerken en luxe weefsels floreerden eveneens. Verschillende exemplaren van de Koran tonen aan dat papier tijdens deze periode perkament begon te verdringen. Een boekband op een prachtige, meerdelige Koran (1256) is het vroegst gedateerde voorbeeld van goudsierdruk. In textilia is net als in boekbanden een voorkeur te zien voor geometrische patronen."@nl . "\u7528\u4EE5\u8868\u793A\u8207\u6B64\u4E00\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u67CF\u67CF\u738B\u671D\u6709\u95DC\u7684\u85DD\u8853\u8207\u6587\u5316\u3002\u963F\u723E\u6469\u54C8\u5FB7\u738B\u671D\u65BC\u897F\u5143 1130 \u81F3 1269 \u5E74\u9593\u66FE\u7D93\u7D71\u6CBB\u5317\u975E\u4EE5\u53CA\u897F\u73ED\u7259\u5357\u90E8\u3002\u5728\u963F\u723E\u6469\u54C8\u5FB7\u738B\u671D\u6642\u671F\uFF0C\u99AC\u683C\u91CC\u5E03\uFF08Maghrib\uFF09\u5730\u5340\u9996\u6B21\u9054\u5230\u5168\u9762\u7D71\u4E00\uFF0C\u4F7F\u5F97\u6B64\u4E00\u6642\u671F\u805E\u540D\u65BC\u65BC\u53F2\u3002\u963F\u723E\u6469\u54C8\u5FB7\u738B\u5BA4\u65BC\u897F\u5143 1122 \u5E74\u5D1B\u8D77\u4E26\u8D77\u8EAB\u53CD\u6297\u963F\u723E\u6469\u62C9\u7DAD\u5FB7\uFF08Almoravid\uFF09\u738B\u5BA4\uFF0C\u4E26\u65BC 1147 \u5E74\u653B\u53D6\u99AC\u62C9\u5580\u4EC0\u5730\u5340\u3002\u7136\u800C\uFF0C\u963F\u723E\u6469\u54C8\u5FB7\u738B\u671D\u65BC 1212 \u5E74\u88AB\u963F\u65B9\u7D22\u516B\u4E16\uFF08Alfonso VIII\uFF09\u6240\u64CA\u6557\uFF0C\u55AA\u5931\u4E86\u5B89\u9054\u9B6F\u897F\u4E9E\u4E00\u5730\uFF0C\u52E2\u529B\u5927\u70BA\u8870\u5F31\uFF1B\u6B64\u5916\uFF0C\u5728 1269 \u5E74\u5247\u662F\u6557\u7D66\u67CF\u67CF\u4EBA\u6240\u5EFA\u7ACB\u7684\u99AC\u6797\uFF08Marinid\uFF09\u738B\u671D\uFF0C\u55AA\u5931\u99AC\u62C9\u5580\u4EC0\u4E00\u5730\u3002\u4F4D\u65BC\u99AC\u62C9\u5580\u4EC0\uFF08Marrakesh\uFF09\u8207\u8CFD\u7DAD\u4E9E\uFF08Seville\uFF09\u7684\u963F\u723E\u6469\u54C8\u5FB7\u738B\u5BAE\u662F\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u7684\u85DD\u8853\u8207\u5B78\u7FD2\u4E2D\u5FC3\uFF0C\u7279\u5225\u662F\u54F2\u5B78\u767C\u5C55\u7684\u91CD\u5FC3\u3002\u963F\u723E\u6469\u54C8\u5FB7\u6642\u671F\u7684\u5EFA\u7BC9\u4EE5\u5176\u6E05\u6559\u98A8\u683C\u7C21\u55AE\u8A2D\u8A08\u8207\u83EF\u9E97\u88DD\u98FE\u5169\u8005\u517C\u5BB9\u4E26\u84C4\u805E\u540D\u3002\u8CFD\u7DAD\u4E9E\u3001\u62C9\u5DF4\u7279\u53CA\u99AC\u62C9\u5580\u4EC0\u4E09\u5730\u90FD\u8208\u5EFA\u4E86\u898F\u6A21\u9F90\u5927\u7684\u96C6\u6703\u6E05\u771F\u5BFA\uFF1B\u7C21\u55AE\u7684\u5167\u90E8\u8A2D\u8A08\u4EE5\u5962\u83EF\u7684\u8449\u98FE\u62F1\u9580\u8207\u5176\u4ED6\u7D30\u90E8\u88DD\u98FE\u52A0\u4EE5\u9EDE\u7DB4\u3002\u9019\u4E9B\u6E05\u771F\u5BFA\u6240\u5177\u5099\u7684\u53E6\u4E00\u500B\u5178\u578B\u7279\u8272\u5728\u65BC\u91CD\u8986\u904B\u7528\u55AE\u4E00\u5EFA\u7BC9\u55AE\u5143\uFF08\u5982\u62F1\u5ECA\u6216\u9694\u9593\uFF09\uFF0C\u5275\u9020\u51FA\u9060\u666F\u4EE5\u53CA\u7A7A\u9593\u6DF1\u5EA6\u7684\u6548\u679C\u3002\u9019\u4E09\u5EA7\u6E05\u771F\u5BFA\u7684\u6A38\u7D20\u5916\u89C0\u8207\u5176\u88DD\u98FE\u83EF\u9E97\u7684\u5DE8\u5927\u65B9\u578B\u5BA3\u79AE\u5854\uFF08\u5EFA\u65BC\u5341\u4E8C\u4E16\u7D00\u665A\u671F\uFF09\u5F62\u6210\u5F37\u70C8\u5C0D\u6BD4\u3002\u9019\u4E9B\u5BA3\u79AE\u5854\u4E0A\u98FE\u6709\u88FD\u4F5C\u7CBE\u7DFB\u7684\u7A97\u5B54\uFF1B\u6BCF\u4E00\u9762\u7A97\u5B54\u7686\u4EE5\u6D6E\u96D5\u77F3\u5DE5\u4F86\u88FD\u4F5C\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u7A97\u683C\u8A2D\u8A08\u3002\u68AF\u6469\u723E\uFF08Tinmal\uFF09\u6E05\u771F\u5BFA\u7684\u7279\u8272\u5728\u65BC\u5176\u99AC\u683C\u91CC\u5E03\u5F0F\u7684T\u578B\u8A2D\u8A08\uFF1B\u9019\u7A2ET\u578B\u8A2D\u8A08\u88AB\u8996\u70BA\u662F\u963F\u723E\u6469\u54C8\u5FB7\u6642\u671F\u7684\u3127\u5927\u5091\u4F5C\u3002\u9019\u5EA7\u6E05\u771F\u5BFA\u7684\u5BA3\u79AE\u5854\u4F4D\u65BC\u7948\u79B1\u58C1\u9F95\u5F8C\u65B9\uFF0C\u5C0D\u65BC\u68AF\u6469\u723E\u7576\u5730\u800C\u8A00\u662F\u4E00\u9805\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u5275\u65B0\u4E4B\u8209\u3002\u70BA\u4E86\u64F4\u5C55\u5BFA\u9662\u7A7A\u9593\uFF0C\u963F\u723E\u6469\u54C8\u5FB7\u6642\u671F\u7684\u6E05\u771F\u5BFA\u5167\u4E0D\u53E6\u5EFA\u5929\u4E95\u3002\u8AF8\u5982\u66F8\u7C4D\u88FD\u4F5C\u3001\u91D1\u5C6C\u88FD\u54C1\u53CA\u6602\u8CB4\u7D21\u7E54\u54C1\u7B49\u00E7\u009A\u0084\u00E5\n\u00B6\u00E4\u00BB\u0096\u00E8\u0097\u009D\u00E8\u00A1\u0093\u00E5\u00BD\u00A2\u00E5\u00BC\u008F\u00E4\u00BA\u00A6\u00E7\u0099\u00BC\u00E5\u00B1\u0095\u00E8\u0088\u0088\u00E7\u009B\u009B\u00E3\u0080\u0082\u00E5\u00BE\u009E\u00E6\u009F\u0090\u00E4\u00BA\u009B\u00E5\u008F\u00AF\u00E8\u0098\u00AD\u00E7\u00B6\u0093\u00E8\u00A4\u0087\u00E6\u009C\u00AC\u00E5\u008D\u00B3\u00E5\u008F\u00AF\u00E5\u00BE\u0097\u00E7\u009F\u00A5\u00E5\u009C\u00A8\u00E6\u00AD\u00A4\u00E4\u00B8\u0080\u00E6\u0099\u0082\u00E6\u009C\u009F\u00E7\u00B4\u0099\u00E5\u00BC\u00B5\u00E5\u00B7\u00B2\u00E7\u00B6\u0093\u00E9\u0096\u008B\u00E5\u00A7\u008B\u00E5\u008F\u0096\u00E4\u00BB\u00A3\u00E7\u00BE\u008A\u00E7\u009A\u00AE\u00E7\u00B4\u0099\u00E3\u0080\u0082\u00E5\u008F\u00AF\u00E8\u0098\u00AD\u00E7\u00B6\u0093\u00E5\n\u00A8\u00E6\u009B\u00B8\u00EF\u00BC\u00881256 \u00E5\u00B9\u00B4\u00EF\u00BC\u0089\u00E7\u009A\u0084\u00E8\u00A3\u009D\u00E8\u00A8\u0082\u00E6\u0096\u00B9\u00E5\u00BC\u008F\u00E6\u0098\u00AF\u00E7\u0087\u0099\u00E9\u0087\u0091\u00E5\u00A3\u0093\u00E5\u008D\u00B0\u00E6\u008A\u0080\u00E8\u00A1\u0093\u00E4\u00B8\u00AD\u00E6\u009C\u0080\u00E5\u008F\u00A4\u00E8\u0080\u0081\u00E7\u009A\u0084\u00E5\u00AF\u00A6\u00E4\u00BE\u008B\u00E3\u0080\u0082\u00E7\u00B4\u00A1\u00E7\u00B9\u0094\u00E5\u0093\u0081\u00E5\u0089\u0087\u00E5\u00A4\u009A\u00E5\u00B9\u00BE\u00E4\u00BD\u0095\u00E5\u009C\u0096\u00E6\u00A1\u0088\u00EF\u00BC\u008C\u00E8\u0088\u0087\u00E6\u009B\u00B8\u00E7\u00B1\u008D\u00E8\u00A3\u009D\u00E8\u00A8\u0082\u00E6\u008A\u0080\u00E8\u00A1\u0093\u00E7\u009A\u0084\u00E9\u00A2\u00A8\u00E6\u00A0\u00BC\u00E7\u009B\u00B8\u00E4\u00BC\u00BC\u00E3\u0080\u0082"@zh-hant . "a er mo ha de si"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "Se refiere al arte y cultura asociados a la disnast\u00EDa Ber\u00E9ber que gobern\u00F3 \u00C1frica del Norte y sur de Espa\u00F1a (1130-1269). Este periodo es notable debido a que por primera vez todo el Magreb fue unificado bajo una misma dinast\u00EDa. Los Almohade se levantaron contra los Almor\u00E1vide en el a\u00F1o 1121 y conquistaron Marrakesh en 1147. Declin\u00F3 el poder de la cuando fue derrotada por Alfono VIII en 1212, perdiendo Andaluc\u00EDa y en 1269 cuando perdieron Marrakesh de los Ber\u00E9ber Marinida. Las cortes Almohade en Marrakesh y en Sevilla fueron centros de aprendizaje y arte isl\u00E1mico, especialmente filosof\u00EDa. La arquitectura Almohade es conocida por su juxtaposici\u00F3n y su dise\u00F1o puritanamente simple con ornatos decorativos. Mezquitas congregacionales de gran tama\u00F1o fueron construidas en Sevilla, Rabat y Marrakesh. Los interiores simples fueron logrados por medio de voluptuosos arcos lobulados y otros detalles. La repetici\u00F3n del empleo de unidades arquitect\u00F3nicas como una arcada o elementos verticales para crear vistas dirigidas y otro rasgo distintivo es la sensaci\u00F3n de profundidad espacial. Exteriores austeros contrastan fuertemente con la riqueza decorativa, minaretes cuadrados monumentales (fines del siglo XII) de las tres mezquitas. Estos minaretes est\u00E1n elaborados con ventanas y cada cara presenta dise\u00F1os de calados en relieve sobre trabajo de piedra. La mezquita de Tinmal, con su caracter\u00EDstica forma Maghribi en T, es considerada una obra maestra Almohade. La ubicaci\u00F3n del minarete detr\u00E1s del mihrab es una innovaci\u00F3n importante en Tinmal. Las mezquitas Almohade tend\u00EDan a ser alargadas a costa del patio. Tambi\u00E9n florecieron otras artes como la encuadernaci\u00F3n, la metalister\u00EDa y los textiles de lujo. Varias copias del Cor\u00E1n revelan que el papel comenz\u00F3 a reemplazar el pergamino durante este periodo. La encuadernaci\u00F3n de un magn\u00EDfico volumen m\u00FAltiple del Cor\u00E1n (1256) es un ejemplar temprano del trabajo en oro. Los textiles, as\u00ED como la encuadernaci\u00F3n, presentan un gusto por los dise\u00F1os geom\u00E9tricos."@es . "Almohade"@es . "Almohad"@nl . "300021528" . "1988-01-01T00:00:00"^^ . "Almohad"@en . "\u963F\u723E\u83AB\u54C8\u5FB7\u65AF"@zh-hant .