Refers to the style and culture of the nomadic peoples of the Syro-Arabian desert during the later Greek and Roman periods. Also used for Muslims who remained in Spain after it had been again conquered by Christians at the time of the Crusades. Although the term in older texts is also used to refer generally to Islamic art and architecture, this is considered undesirable to modern sensibilities, due to the negative connotation. For the style and culture of Muslim lands use "Islamic (style and culture)." (en)